1.HEALTH IS WEALTH.
Health is important indicator of country’s devolpment in terms of -GDP,MARKET.. it plays a major in the devolpment of country’s per capita income and so on. “Health is wealth”.Health is very important in one’s life. education and health are both important sectors for the development of one’s individual.Many people are in a state to acquire lot of disease not following the basic rules and norms to avoid getting risk of the disease.
Steps to be taken to ensure proper health.
1.follow the norms and procedure of safety measure to ensure good health.
2.wash your hands properly while you do any job.
3.Don’t neglect the cause and effect of the disease.
4.Be aware of the rules and guidelines to follow during the disease prone state.
5.Stay safe and put your surroundings neat and clean.
2.MAJOR BENEFITS OF HEALTH.
Major diseases are infectious disease and some are non-infectious disease. so diseases like AIDS,HEPATISIS-B,RUBELLA,SMALL POX. etc.. are infectious disease as well as dangerous disease in the history of mankind.it basically are of two types:
1.Bacterial disease.
2.viral disease.
Bacterial and
viral infections have many things in common. Both types of infections are caused by microbes -- bacteria and viruses, respectively -- and spread by things such as:
- Coughing and sneezing.
- Contact with infected people, especially through kissing and sex.
- Contact with contaminated surfaces, food, and water.
- Contact with infected creatures, including pets, livestock, and insects such as fleas and ticks.
Microbes can also cause:
- Acute infections, which are short-lived.
- Chronic infections, which can last for weeks, months, or a lifetime.
- Latent infections, which may not cause symptoms at first but can reactivate over a period of months and years.
Most importantly, bacterial and viral infections, can cause mild, moderate, and severe diseases.
Throughout history, millions of people have died of diseases such as
bubonic plague or the
Black Death, which is caused by
Yersinia pestis bacteria, and
smallpox, which is caused by the variola virus. In recent times, viral infections have been responsible for two major pandemics: the 1918-1919 “Spanish
flu” epidemic that killed 20-40 million people, and the ongoing
HIV/AIDS epidemic that killed an estimated 1.5 million people worldwide in 2013 alone.
Bacterial and viral infections can cause similar symptoms such as
coughing and
sneezing,
fever,
inflammation,
vomiting,
diarrhea,
fatigue, and cramping -- all of which are ways the immune system tries to rid the body of infectious organisms. But bacterial and viral infections are dissimilar in many other important respects, most of them due to the organisms' structural differences and the way they respond to
medications.
The Differences Between Bacteria and Viruses
Although bacteria and viruses are both too small to be seen without a microscope, they're as different as giraffes and goldfish.
Bacteria are relatively complex, single-celled creatures, many with a rigid wall, and a thin, rubbery membrane surrounding the fluid inside the cell. They can reproduce on their own. Fossilized records show that bacteria have existed for about 3.5 billion years, and bacteria can survive in different environments, including extreme heat and cold, radioactive waste, and the human body.
Most bacteria are harmless, and some actually help by digesting food, destroying disease-causing microbes, fighting
cancercells, and providing essential
nutrients. Fewer than 1% of bacteria cause diseases in people.
Viruses are tinier: the largest of them are smaller than the smallest bacteria. All they have is a protein coat and a core of genetic material, either RNA or DNA. Unlike bacteria, viruses can't survive without a host. They can only reproduce by attaching themselves to cells. In most cases, they reprogram the cells to make new viruses until the cells burst and die. In other cases, they turn normal cells into malignant or cancerous cells.
Also unlike bacteria, most viruses do cause disease, and they're quite specific about the cells they attack. For example, certain viruses attack cells in the
liver,
respiratory system, or
blood. In some cases, viruses target bacteria.
Diagnosis of Bacterial and Viral Infections
You should consult your doctor if you think you have a bacterial or viral infection. Exceptions include the
common cold, which is usually not life-threatening.
In some cases, it's difficult to determine whether an illness is viral or bacterial because many ailments -- including
pneumonia,
meningitis, and
diarrhea -- can be caused by either. But your doctor may be able to determine the cause by listening to your medical history and doing a
physical exam.
If necessary, he or she also can order a
blood or
urine test to help confirm a diagnosis, or a "culture test" of tissue to identify bacteria or viruses. Occasionally, a
biopsy of affected tissue may be required.
Treatment of Bacterial and Viral Infections
The discovery of
antibiotics for bacterial infections is considered one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history. Unfortunately, bacteria are very adaptable, and the overuse of
antibioticshas made many of them resistant to antibiotics. This has created serious problems, especially in hospital settings.
Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, and many leading organizations now recommend against using antibiotics unless there is clear evidence of a bacterial infection.
Since the beginning of the 20th century,
vaccines have been developed.
Vaccineshave drastically reduced the number of new cases of viral diseases such as
polio,
measles, and chickenpox. In addition, vaccines can prevent such infections such as the
flu,
hepatitis A,
hepatitis B, human papillomavirus (
HPV), and others.
But the treatment of viral infections has proved more challenging, primarily because viruses are relatively tiny and reproduce inside cells. For some viral diseases, such as
herpes simplex virus infections,
HIV/AIDS, and
influenza, antiviral
medications have become available. But the use of antiviral medications has been associated with the development of drug-resistant microbes.
3.HYDROXY-CHLOROQUINE.
- Hydroxychloroquine oral tablet is available as a brand-name drug and a generic drug. Brand name: Plaquenil.
- Hydroxychloroquine comes only as a tablet you take by mouth.
- Hydroxychloroquine is used to treat malaria, lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Child danger warning: Accidentally swallowing just a few tablets has been fatal in some children. Keep this drug in a child-resistant bottle out of reach of children.
- Worsened skin conditions warning: Tell your doctor if you have skin conditions, such as psoriasis or porphyria. This medication may make these conditions worse.
- Eye damage: This medication can damage your eyes, leading to vision problems that can be permanent. This damage is more likely when the drug is used in high doses.
- Heart damage: This medication can cause heart disease. Although uncommon, some cases have been fatal.
Hydroxychloroquine is a prescription drug. It comes as an oral tablet.
Hydroxychloroquine is available as the brand-name drug Plaquenil. It’s also available in a generic version. Generic drugs usually cost less than the brand-name version. In some cases, they may not be available in every strength or form as the brand-name drug.
Hydroxychloroquine may be used as part of a combination therapy. That means you may need to take it with other drugs.
Why it’s used
How it works
Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug. It treats malaria by killing the parasites that cause the disease.
It isn’t fully understood how this drug works to treat lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. However, it’s believed that this drug affects how your immune system works, which may be a benefit in lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Hydroxychloroquine oral tablet doesn’t cause drowsiness, but it can cause other side effects.
More common side effects
The more common side effects that can occur with hydroxychloroquine include:
- headache
- dizziness
- diarrhea
- stomach cramps
- vomiting
Mild side effects may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if they’re more severe or don’t go away.
Serious side effects
Call your doctor right away if you have serious side effects. Call 911 if your symptoms feel life threatening or if you think you’re having a medical emergency. Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:
- blurred vision or other vision changes, which may be permanent in some cases
- heart disease, including heart failure and issues with your heart rhythm; some cases have been fatal
- ringing in your ears or hearing loss
- angioedema (rapid swelling of your skin)
- hives
- mild or severe bronchospasm
- sore throat
- severe hypoglycemia
- unusual bleeding or bruising
- blue-black skin color
- muscle weakness
- hair loss or changes in hair color
- abnormal mood changes
- mental health effects, including suicidal thoughts
Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible side effects. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always discuss possible side effects with a healthcare provider who knows your medical history.
4.Precautions for viral diseases and bacterial diseases.
Many human infections are caused by either bacteria or viruses. Bacteria are tiny single-celled organisms, thought by some researchers to be related to plants. They are among the most successful life forms on the planet, and range in habitat from ice slopes to deserts. Bacteria can be beneficial – for instance, gut bacteria help us to digest food – but some are responsible for a range of infections. These disease-causing varieties are called pathogenic bacteria. Many bacterial infections can be treated successfully with appropriate antibiotics, although antibiotic-resistant strains are beginning to emerge. Immunisation is available to prevent many important bacterial diseases. A virus is an even smaller micro-organism that can only reproduce inside a host’s living cell. It is very difficult to kill a virus. That’s why some of the most serious communicable diseases known to medical science are viral in origin.
How bacteria and viruses enter the body
To cause disease, pathogenic bacteria must gain access into the body. The range of access routes for bacteria includes:
- Cuts
- Contaminated food or water
- Close contact with an infected person
- Contact with the faeces of an infected person
- Breathing in the exhaled droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes
- Indirectly, by touching contaminated surfaces – such as taps, toilet handles, toys and nappies.
Viruses are spread from one person to another by:
- Coughs
- Sneezes
- Vomits
- Bites from infected animals or insects
- Exposure to infected bodily fluids through activities such as sexual intercourse or sharing hypodermic needles.
Forgetting to wash your hands after handling pets and animals is another way for germs to be taken in by mouth.
Bacteria types
Bacteria that cause disease are broadly classified according to their shape. The four main groups include:
- Bacilli – shaped like a rod with a length of around 0.03mm. Illnesses such as typhoid and cystitis are caused by bacilli strains.
- Cocci – shaped like a sphere with a diameter of around 0.001mm. Depending on the sort, cocci bacteria group themselves in a range of ways, such as in pairs, long lines or tight clusters. Examples include Staphylococci (which cause a host of infections including boils) and Gonococci (which cause the sexually transmissible infection gonorrhoea).
- Spirochaetes – as the name suggests, these bacteria are shaped like tiny spirals. Spirochaetes bacteria are responsible for a range of diseases, including the sexually transmissible infection syphilis.
- Vibrio – shaped like a comma. The tropical disease cholera, characterised by severe diarrhoea and dehydration, is caused by the vibrio bacteria.
Characteristics of the bacterium
Most bacteria, apart from the cocci variety, move around with the aid of small lashing tails (flagella) or by whipping their bodies from side to side. Under the right conditions, a bacterium reproduces by dividing in two. Each ‘daughter’ cell then divides in two and so on, so that a single bacterium can bloom into a population of some 500,000 or more within just eight hours. If the environmental conditions don’t suit the bacteria, some varieties morph into a dormant state. They develop a tough outer coating and await the appropriate change of conditions. These hibernating bacteria are called spores. Spores are harder to kill than active bacteria because of their outer coating.
Curing a bacterial infection
The body reacts to disease-causing bacteria by increasing local blood flow (inflammation) and sending in cells from the immune system to attack and destroy the bacteria. Antibodies produced by the immune system attach to the bacteria and help in their destruction. They may also inactivate toxins produced by particular pathogens, for example tetanus and diphtheria. Serious infections can be treated with antibiotics, which work by disrupting the bacterium’s metabolic processes, although antibiotic-resistant strains are starting to emerge. Immunisation is available to prevent many important bacterial diseases such as Hemophilus influenza Type b (Hib), tetanus and whooping cough..
Virus types
A virus is a miniscule pocket of protein that contains genetic material. If you placed a virus next to a bacterium, the virus would be dwarfed. For example, the polio virus is around 50 times smaller than a Streptococci bacterium, which itself is only 0.003mm long. Viruses can be described as either RNA or DNA viruses, according to which type of nucleic acid forms their core. The four main types of virus include:
- Icosahedral – the outer shell (capsid) is made from 20 flat sides, which gives a spherical shape. Most viruses are icosahedral.
- Helical – the capsid is shaped like a rod.
- Enveloped – the capsid is encased in a baggy membrane, which can change shape but often appears spherical.
- Complex – the genetic material is coated, but without a capsid.
The body’s response to viral infection
Viruses pose a considerable challenge to the body’s immune system because they hide inside cells. This makes it difficult for antibodies to reach them. Some special immune system cells, called T-lymphocytes, can recognise and kill cells containing viruses, since the surface of infected cells is changed when the virus begins to multiply. Many viruses, when released from infected cells, will be effectively knocked out by antibodies that have been produced in response to infection or previous immunisation.
Curing a viral infection
Antibiotics are useless against viral infections. This is because viruses are so simple that they use their host cells to perform their activities for them. So antiviral drugs work differently to antibiotics, by interfering with the viral enzymes instead. Antiviral drugs are currently only effective against a few viral diseases, such as influenza, herpes, hepatitis B and C and HIV – but research is ongoing. A naturally occurring protein, called interferon (which the body produces to help fight viral infections), can now be produced in the laboratory and is used to treat hepatitis C infections.
Immunisation against viral infection is not always possible
It is possible to vaccinate against many serious viral infections such as measles, mumps, hepatitis A and hepatitis B. An aggressive worldwide vaccination campaign, headed by the World Health Organization (WHO), managed to wipe out smallpox. However, some viruses – such as those that cause the common cold – are capable of mutating from one person to the next. This is how an infection with essentially the same virus can keep dodging the immune system. Vaccination for these kinds of viruses is difficult, because the viruses have already changed their format by the time vaccines are developed.
Where to get help
- Your doctor
- Your pharmacist
Things to remember
- Many human illnesses are caused by infection with either bacteria or viruses.
- Most bacterial diseases can be treated with antibiotics, although antibiotic-resistant strains are starting to emerge.
- Viruses pose a challenge to the body’s immune system because they hide inside cells.
- It is possible to be vaccinated against some of the major disease-causing viruses (such as measles and polio), as well as bacterial diseases such as Hemophilus influenza Type b (Hib), tetanus and whooping cough.
Thank you I hope you got enough explanation about diseases and health.
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